Research Article

      The article, Extra calcium won't lower bone fracture risk in ladies is about how if you consume more that the recommended daily amount of calcium it will not lower your chance of breaking a bone later in your life according to a new study. Research found information about how if you take 750 milligrams of calcium   each day, which is the daily recommended amount links with the lowest risk of fractures and osteoporosis for Swedish women in their fifty's. Calcium is very important in preventing broken bones and osteoporosis, but the amount of calcium differs by age and country. In the United States the recommended about of calcium per day is 1,200 milligrams. However, if you consume less than 700 milligrams a day of calcium then it is associated with getting a broken bone or osteoporosis. Since the human skeleton grows during adolescence and childhood, larger amounts of calcium are needed to accrue bone. Children between four to eight year olds need 800 milligrams of calcium per day. Children between nine to eighteen year olds need 1,300 milligrams of calcium per day. Later adulthood and old age is when increased bone occurs in which is why 1,200 milligrams of calcium is needed for people 51 and older. So, there needs to be a balance of calcium incorporation into our bodies throughout our whole life so we don't health risks. In conclusion, having calcium is very important but taking alot of it will not prevent you from getting a bone fracture or osteoporosis.
Link:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43160225/ns/health-womens_health/t/extra-calcium-wont-lower-bone-fracture-risk-ladies/#.Tu9vts1WC18

Muscular Anatomy

This is a powerpoint demonstrating the process of muscular anatomy, and it shows how muscle tissue functions in our body.

Function of Bones and Tissue

This is a power point showing different types of bones, and skeletal tissue describing what it is and what there functions are.
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Integumentary System- Melanoma Cancer

Skin consists of three major parts which are the Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis. The Epidermis is the superficial region, the dermis is the middle region, and the hypodermis is the most deepest region. There are three important types of skin cancer that are most common, which are the Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and Melanoma. Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer, and the most complicated to get rid of because it is resistant to chemotherapy and it is highly metastatic. It is pigment-producing cells that are found in the skin. This type of skin cancer is the eighth most common cancer that is found in the United States, and it kills 1 to 2% of cancer deaths. There are many risk factors that is associated with Melanoma, and some of them are if you have white light colored skin, if you use a tanning bed ten times a year before you are thirty, moles that change, and if you have a close family member that has Melanoma because it is hereditary. If you are really prone to getting skin cancer then it is best to use a sunscreen that has an SPF of 30 when you go outside. To recognize if you do have Melanoma then it is best to use the ABCD rule. So, check the asymmetry of the mole by drawing a line through the mole and if the halves don't match then it is most likely abnormal, then if the border is not well defined then it is most likely abnormal, if there is an uneven color throughout the mole then it is a sign of danger, and if the mole is bigger than 6mm which is bigger than the size of a pencil eraser. If any of these rules don't match up and seems abnormal then you need to go see a doctor. The stage of cancer that the Melanoma is in is determined by how many millimeters thick the cancerous tissue is. If the cancer has spread to other parts of your body then it is best to remove the cancerous tissue if possible. Usually radiation therapy is not helpful because it is not easy to get rid of Melanoma. So, it is best to try and protect your skin the best you can from the sun.

This is an image of what Melanoma looks like. 

This is another image of Melanoma.

The Research Article: The Body Shop

The article, The Body Shop is about how Dr. Gail Naughton documented a container called a bioreactor that balances conditions inside of a healthy body. It also puts stress on cells as they grow. Dr. Naughton came to the results that material grown in the reactor have twice as much strength as proteins, elastin, collagen, and things that are grown in a petri dish. The growth of blood vessels is very strong when it is grown in a bioreactor. NASA scientists have learned an important lesson about tissue growth in which it cultivates cells in weightlessness space. Studies have shown that tissues that form sheets like skin or cartilage have better under forces. So, NASA researches have developed their own biorector that keeps the cells that are growing in perpetual free fall. Liver tissues develop more naturally in microgravity, it which it forms spherical clusters of functioning liver cells according to Naughton. Complex organs like the heart, kidney, and liver are complex because it requires a highly vascularized organ that is right down to its capillaries. Naughton said that tissue engineering will change transplant medicine. Naughton and her colleagues at Advanced Tissue are working on a project that will stimulate vessel growth around and in diseased hearts. Hopefully, one day they can treat a disease early on so someone doesn't have to have a new heart. In conclusion, the bioreactor is a great tool that maintains alot of tissues inside of your body.
 
                                 Here is a link to the article: http://www.pbs.org/saf/1107/features/body.htm

The Different Types Of Tissues PowerPoint

Organization of the Body

The Directional Terms on your body consists of Superior and Inferior, Anterior and Posterior, Medial Lateral and Intermediate, Proximal and Distal, Superficial and Deep. 

          Superior~ The upper part of your body.
          Inferior~ The lower part of your body.

          Anterior~ In front of your body.
          Posterior~ Behind your body.

          Medial~ The midline of your body.
          Lateral~ The outer side of your body.
          Intermediate~ Between a medial and a more lateral structure.

          Proximal~ Close to the origin of the body part, the point of attachment
                          of a limb to the body part.
          Distal~ Farther away from the origin of the body part.

          Superficial~ At the body surface.
          Deep~ Away from the body surface.

       Body Planes:
Sagittal~ It divides your body into right and left parts.
Midsagittal~ This is the saggital plane that is on the midline.
Frontal or Coronal~ Divides your body into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse or Horizontal~ Divides your body into superior and inferior parts.
Oblique section~ Cuts are made diagonally.

     Body Cavities:
The Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and it is spit into two subdivisions.
Cranial cavity~ This is located in your skull, and it encloses your brain.
Vertebral cavity~ This runs through the vertebral column, and it encloses the spinal cord.
Ventral cavity~ It is divided into two subdivisions which are the thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Thoracic cavity~ Split into pleural cavities which are the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.
Pleural cavities~ They each surround a lung.
Mediastinum~ This contains the pericardial cavity, and it surrounds the area of the remaining thoracic organs.
Pericardial cavity~ Bounds the heart.

The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity, and it is composed of two subdivisions.
Abdominal cavity~ This contains your stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and many other organs.
Pelvic cavity~ This lies within the pelvis and it contains your bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

         Other Body Cavities:
Oral and Digestive~ These are the mouth and cavities of the digestive organs.
Nasal~ This is located posterior to your nose.
Orbital~ This surrounds your eyes.
Middle Ear~ Contains bones that passes sound vibrations.
Synovial~ These are your joint cavities.

Homeostasis Lab

      In our lab my team and I tested how homeostasis controls our body, and we wanted to learn more about it. The purpose of our lab was to test how pulse reacts to skin temperature. On our graph the X-axis was temperature and the Y-axis was the measurement of pulse and temperature. Our graph shows the different measurements we got for pulse and temperature at normal, hot, and cold temperatures. First we tested our temperature at room temperature. Then we put our hand in hot water for one minute, and then we tested our pulse. We were expecting that our pulse would decrease so it can help cool down our skin. But, we got different results than what we expected. The results showed that our pulse increased when we heated our skin. Then we measured our temperature at room temperature again before we put our hand in ice water. Then we put our hand in ice water for one minute. We were expecting that our pulse would increase so that it would heat our skin. But, the results showed differently. Our pulse had decrease. The effect that homeostasis had on our pulse in ice water is that blood is pumping harder to flow through our body in which is why it decreased.

    What we learned from doing this lab is that when our body gets hot our pulse goes faster so it can keep your body cool. When your body gets cold your pulse slows down so it can conserve heat energy. Our hypothesis was wrong, but we learned a lot about homeostasis by doing this lab. Homeostasis is what controls our body, and it controls the way our body functions.

Function of Homeostasis

    Homeostasis is a process in which yours body maintains an internal balance in which all of the body parts is functioning and interacting with each other to meet the needs of your body. There are three components that interact which is the Receptor, Integrator, and the Effector. A receptor would be the free nerve ending in the skin, an intergrator would be the brain, and a effector would be a muscle. When homeostasis is not maintained then you become sick, and if it isn't fixed then you will die. Negative feedback of homeostasis is when your body tries to encounter changes. It changes an internal condition back to its normal state. This explains the most common way on how your body regulates itself. It is mostly caused by hormones. An example would be if you are running a race, and then you start to sweat so your blood vessels get closer to the skin which causes a loss of heat. When your blood pressure rises, your heart slows down so this is also an example of negative feedback. Temperature control is another example because the hypothalamus, which monitors the body temperature is capable of determing the slightest variation of normal body temperature.   
      Positive feedback is when your body reacts to a change from the normal state by causing a bigger change. The mechanisms purpose is to push levels out of normal range. A series of events initiates a process that builds to increase the effect of stimulus. A change is detected by the receptors and the information is transmitted to the control centre. An example would be when a blood vessel is damaged, then the chemicals do there job by plugging and repairing the hole. Platelet accumulation causes blood clotting in response to a tear in the lining of blood vessels, is another example that explains positive feedback.


This is a model explaining negative feedback about temperature control.



This is a model explaning the process of positive feedback.